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Trial of Lord George Gordon
The Trial of Lord George Gordon for high treason occurred on 5 February 1781 before Lord Mansfield in the Court of King's Bench, as a result of Gordon's role in the eponymously named riots. Gordon, President of the Protestant Association, had led a protest against the Papists Act 1778, a Catholic relief bill. Intending only to hand in a petition to Parliament, Gordon riled the crowd by announcing the postponement of the petition, denouncing Members of Parliament and launching "anti-Catholic harangues".〔 The crowd of protesters fragmented and began looting nearby buildings; by the time the riots had finished a week later, 300 had died, and more property had been damaged than during the entire French Revolution. Gordon was almost immediately arrested, and indicted for levying war against the King.
Defended by Thomas Erskine and Lloyd Kenyon, Gordon was accidentally assisted by the Attorney General, James Wallace, who managed to "ridicule" some of his own evidence before Gordon was set back by Kenyon's lacklustre and confusing speech. However, an impassioned speech by Erskine, which argued that Gordon's actions were only crimes under the illegally extended law of constructive treason, led to the jury finding him not guilty. This result, which met with pleasure due to the popular disquiet with the idea of constructive treason, left juries unwilling to apply the extended law of constructive treason; as a result, the government was forced to incorporate it into statute law. Erskine became renowned as an excellent, albeit unorthodox, advocate; Gordon, on the other hand, was later excommunicated and imprisoned, dying in jail in 1793. Kenyon was chosen to replace Wallace as Attorney General at the next change of ministry.
==Background==
Lord George Gordon, third and youngest son of the third duke of Gordon, and brother of the fourth duke, an "ignorant young nobleman, almost simple-minded in his attitude to Catholics", was the President of the Protestant Association.〔Hostettler (2010) p.34〕 This body was dedicated to the repeal of the Papists Act 1778, a Roman Catholic relief bill.〔Hibbert (1990) p.32〕 Prior to the passage of the Act, Catholics were legally forbidden from voting, inheriting land, saying mass, serving in public office or academia, bearing arms or serving in the military, although these prohibitions were frequently overlooked, particularly those regarding military enlistment.〔Hibbert (2000) p.216〕 The 1778 Act explicitly removed the bans on saying mass, land inheritance or academic standing, and involved several other implicit concessions, made to encourage Catholics to serve in the military.〔Donovan (1985) p.83〕 This was made necessary by the ongoing course of the American Revolution, which was going poorly for British forces – it was felt that Catholic relief would both directly strengthen the armed forces and prevent the repeat of revolution in Ireland, a mostly Catholic nation, which politicians thought a distinct possibility given their "trade grievances and troubled politics".〔Donovan (1985) p.89〕
On 2 June 1780, approximately 60,000 people gathered in St George's Fields, London, to hear an address from Gordon. He and the mob were there to hand in a petition to Parliament (of which he was a Member) decrying the Papists Act.〔Rude (1956) p.94〕 After marching to Parliament and reassembling, the mob became incensed by a declaration from Gordon that consideration of the petition was to be postponed, and fragmented. Gordon himself encouraged the crowd with "anti-Catholic harangues", denouncing approaching Members of Parliament, and groups began destroying and looting Catholic buildings or buildings owned by those they alleged to support Catholic relief.〔Hostettler (2010) p.35〕 Several Members of Parliament were attacked, the house of Lord Chief Justice Lord Mansfield was destroyed,〔Mansfield had proven historically reticent to enforce anti-Catholic legislation.〕 and several prisons were broken into.〔Rude (1956) pp.95–7〕 At least 300 died in the week it took the military to quash the riots;〔 Emma Mason writes that more property was damaged during this week than in the entire French Revolution.〔Mason (2010) p.30〕 450 were arrested, including Gordon himself, who was charged with high treason.〔Rude (1956) p.99〕 His indictment stated that he "most wickedly, maliciously, and traitorously did ordain, prepare, and levy public war against our said lord, the King".〔Stryker (1947) p.85〕
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